{"id":91611,"date":"2023-11-02T09:37:42","date_gmt":"2023-11-02T08:37:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/gastrointestinal-issues-risk-factors-and-solutions\/"},"modified":"2023-11-02T09:37:42","modified_gmt":"2023-11-02T08:37:42","slug":"gastrointestinal-issues-risk-factors-and-solutions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/en\/gastrointestinal-issues-risk-factors-and-solutions\/","title":{"rendered":"Gastrointestinal issues, risk factors, and solutions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Gastrointestinal issues are <strong>one of the main risks<\/strong> (and fears) faced by runners in <strong>endurance events<\/strong> such as marathons, long-distance trail running races, or ultra-endurance events (6H, 12H, and 24H).<\/p>\n<p>The appearance of gastrointestinal issues <span style=\"color: #000000;\">d<\/span>uring a competition can ruin any chance of reaching the desired athletic goal. Most runners have experienced at some point the <strong>difficulties and discomfort<\/strong> of <strong>running with gastrointestinal issues<\/strong>, especially when this happens in events lasting several hours (such as <span style=\"color: #000000;\">marathons, mountain<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> races, triathlons, duathlons<\/span>, etc.) where it is absolutely necessary to consume food, supplements, liquids, etc., to maintain performance and avoid the dreaded &#8220;<em>bonking<\/em>&#8221; or conditions like <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hiponatremia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hyponatremia<\/a>. <\/p>\n<h2>Between 30% and 50% of runners suffer from gastrointestinal issues in long-distance events<\/h2>\n<p>Eating and hydrating correctly is necessary\u2014essential, to be more exact\u2014in races of a certain duration, but it is of great importance to do it correctly to avoid the onset of gastrointestinal issues, which, as already indicated, are very common.<\/p>\n<p>Studies show that <strong>between 30% and 50% of participants<\/strong> in long-distance events <strong>suffer from gastrointestinal disorders or issues<\/strong>. Fortunately, most manage to complete the course with more or less luck, but it is also true that sometimes gastrointestinal issues can force a withdrawal by triggering more serious consequences and putting the athlete&#8217;s health at risk. <\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_57732\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-57732\" style=\"width: 843px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/368256750_10230830280571775_8956339233857808173_n.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-57732 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/368256750_10230830280571775_8956339233857808173_n.jpg\" alt=\"Gastrointestinal issues can be a terrible enemy in long-distance events.\" width=\"843\" height=\"762\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-57732\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">42K runner Sete Cerd\u00e1n crossing the finish line of the Subida al Pico Veleta, a 50km race that requires a careful eating and hydration strategy to avoid suffering from gastrointestinal issues. (Photo: Subida Pico Veleta).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Below are some of the <strong>most common symptoms<\/strong> <strong>of gastrointestinal issues<\/strong> that runners can suffer during a long-distance event (and I am sure the vast majority of runners have suffered one of these at some point):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reflux\/heartburn.<\/li>\n<li>Belching.<\/li>\n<li>Bloating\/swelling.<\/li>\n<li>Stomach pain.<\/li>\n<li>Nausea\/vomiting.<\/li>\n<li>Intestinal cramps.<\/li>\n<li>Stitches.<\/li>\n<li>Flatulence.<\/li>\n<li>Gas.<\/li>\n<li>Urgency to defecate.<\/li>\n<li>Diarrhea.<\/li>\n<li>Intestinal bleeding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Running for hours with any of the listed gastrointestinal issues can be, at best, uncomfortable, although discomfort can turn into major complications (lack of strength, dizziness, distress, abdominal pain, cramps&#8230;) and even make the goal of crossing the finish line extremely difficult.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_57113\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-57113\" style=\"width: 576px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/foto-joaquin-candel-badwater-2023_03.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-57113 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/foto-joaquin-candel-badwater-2023_03.jpg\" alt=\"Gastrointestinal issues can be a terrible enemy in ultra-endurance events.\" width=\"576\" height=\"576\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-57113\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ultra-endurance runner Iv\u00e1n Penalba recovering from gastrointestinal issues during the last Badwater 135.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Main risk factors for gastrointestinal issues<\/h3>\n<p>Some of the mentioned gastrointestinal issues can be prevented. There are a series of factors that increase the risk of suffering from these disorders. Below are the <strong>main risk factors<\/strong> for suffering such disorders in long-distance runners.  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Age<\/span><\/strong>. The appearance of gastrointestinal issues is <strong>more common in younger athletes<\/strong>. <\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sex<\/span><\/strong>. The appearance of gastrointestinal issues is more frequent in <strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">women <\/span><\/strong>(especially during the menstrual period). <\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Training level<\/span><\/strong>. The appearance of gastrointestinal issues is higher in athletes in the <strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">initiation <\/span><\/strong>period of competition. <\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pre-event intake<\/span><\/strong>. To avoid the appearance of gastrointestinal issues, it is recommended to <strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">avoid fats and fiber<\/span><\/strong>. Consume carbohydrates (not whole grain) and protein. (This point will depend on each individual&#8217;s tolerance).   <\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Caffeine.<\/span><\/strong> It can be important for performance, but it is necessary to <strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">control the doses<\/span><\/strong> before and during the race, or even split them into 2 intakes.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dehydration<\/span><\/strong>. It usually occurs in the final part of races and is related to the appearance of gastrointestinal issues. <strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Replenishing fluids and minerals<\/span><\/strong> is fundamental during the race to avoid the dreaded dehydration that can crush all hopes of reaching the finish line. <\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Consumption of gels, bars, rehydration drinks, food<\/span><\/strong>, etc. You must <strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">thoroughly <\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">test <\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">in training <\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">the individual tolerance<\/span> of each and every product to be consumed on race day. You can&#8217;t experiment on race day: all liquid and solid foods consumed must have been previously tested in training to know how the body tolerates them.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_57121\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-57121\" style=\"width: 2048px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/maraton-palma-2021_11.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-57121 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/maraton-palma-2021_11.jpg\" alt=\"Correct hydration is key to avoiding gastrointestinal issues.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-57121\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A runner hydrating at the Palma Marathon (photo: Palma Marathon).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Recommendations to avoid gastrointestinal issues<\/h3>\n<p>The following recommendations are general and may vary depending on the athlete, type of sport, duration and intensity of the event, weather&#8230; But they are a factor to consider for preventing gastrointestinal issues: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Always test <strong>eating and hydration strategies in training<\/strong> and never on race day<\/span>. If the athletic goal is a marathon, my recommendation is to test the eating and hydration strategy in training and, if the result is satisfactory, then test it in a race prior to the target marathon. Once we are sure it doesn&#8217;t cause any harm either in training or competition, we can implement the strategy in the target event without fear of gastrointestinal issues.  <\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Carbohydrate intake<\/span><\/strong>. Ingest <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>60-70g of carbohydrates (CHO) per hour of competition<\/strong><\/span>. This amount can reach 90g CHO\/h depending on individual tolerance. In running races, an intake of 40-60g CHO\/h is recommended.   <\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hydration<\/span><\/strong>. Ingest <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>500-700ml of liquid per hour<\/strong><\/span>. <\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sodium consumption<\/span><\/strong>. Take between <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>250-350mg of sodium per hour<\/strong><\/span>. Gels, capsules, or replacement drinks are some of the possible ways to consume it.  <\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Caffeine<\/span><\/strong>. Consume <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2-3 mg of caffeine per kg of body weight<\/strong><\/span> between half an hour and an hour before the start of the event (for example, a 70kg runner will consume 140-210mg of caffeine in the event). If the race lasts more than 8-9h, this amount can be repeated every 3-4h.  <\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Supplement consumption<\/span><\/strong>. Bars, gels, replacement drinks, etc., are a great way to obtain carbohydrates, liquid, caffeine, and minerals due to their easy consumption, digestion, and absorption. <strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Note: <\/span><\/strong><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">supplements in gel format should be taken with water to make them easier to swallow and to dilute the sugar concentration<\/span>.<\/em> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gastrointestinal issues are one of the main risks (and fears) faced by runners in endurance events such as marathons, long-distance trail running races, or ultra-endurance events (6H, 12H, and 24H). The appearance of gastrointestinal issues during a competition can ruin any chance of reaching the desired athletic goal. Most runners have experienced at some point [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":91612,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1602,1599],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-91611","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nutrition-sports-health","category-training-and-preparation"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91611","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=91611"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91611\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/91612"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=91611"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=91611"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/42krunning.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=91611"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}